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Plants in good health are essential to the European Union's economy and society and are therefore regulated at EU level. Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 (the 'Plant Health Regulation') provides early-stage measures to prevent pests from entering the EU, or to eradicate them immediately if found present on EU territory, thus ensuring a uniform level of phytosanitary protection within the EU territory. The regulation also seeks to level the playing field for EU producers and traders in plant and plant products ...

National parliaments' active participation in EU affairs and enhanced scrutiny of their national governments are instrumental in ensuring the democratic accountability and legitimacy of the EU institutional system. However, despite the inclusion of national parliaments in the text of the Treaties, their ability to impact EU affairs remains generally limited. Nevertheless, national parliaments are willing to play a more active role in EU affairs by being more closely involved in the substance of EU ...

The European Union has been regulating pharmaceuticals for over 50 years. The legal regulation aims to protect public health and ensure the proper functioning of the internal market in medicinal products. In 2020, the European Commission published a pharmaceutical strategy for Europe aimed at reinforcing the EU pharmaceutical system by making it more patient-centred and resistant to crises (such as pandemics). The achievement of these objectives requires the revision of several pieces of EU legislation ...

The European Union has been developing a policy on chemicals for more than 50 years. It employs legal regulation as the main policy instrument and aims to protect human health and the environment against the hazardous properties of chemicals, ensuring their free movement within the internal market, while also promoting competitiveness and innovation in the relevant industrial sector. Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 on the classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures (the CLP Regulation ...

Directive 94/62/EC aims to harmonise national measures concerning the management of packaging and packaging waste. The objective is to protect the environment and ensure the proper functioning of the internal market. In 2018, the directive was revised, and more ambitious targets for recycling of packaging waste were set for EU Member States to achieve by 2025 and 2030 (for instance, by the end of 2030, at least 70 % by weight of all packaging waste will have to be recycled). Article 9(5) of the directive ...

Air pollution is a serious issue with tangible negative effects on health, the environment, economies and societies. The EU has developed a policy on air quality to help Member States reduce air polluting emissions. Although emissions have been falling for the past two decades, exceedances for certain harmful pollutants are still widespread and persistent. A 2019 Commission fitness check of the EU Ambient Air Quality Directives (AAQDs), which are central to EU air quality policy, shows that the two ...

Pesticides and their use are regulated at EU level. Directive 2009/128/EC ('SUD') of the European Parliament and the Council establishes a framework to achieve sustainable use of pesticides that are plant protection products, by reducing the risks and impact of pesticide use on human health and the environment, and promoting the use of integrated pest management and of alternative approaches or techniques such as non-chemical alternatives to pesticides. A recent ex-post evaluation by the European ...

Starting with milk in the 1970s, the EU has a long history of supplying agricultural products to school children. With a dedicated EU school scheme for the 2017-2023 period, the EU is currently funding the distribution of fruit, vegetables, milk and milk products, and also educational and information measures. The main policy objective is to ensure that children's nutritional needs are met and healthy eating habits and lifestyles are established. The European Parliament is scrutinising the implementation ...

Industrial pollution is regulated by the EU directive on industrial emissions (IED). It lays down rules designed to prevent, or, if impracticable, to reduce emissions into air, water and land and to prevent the generation of waste, in order to achieve a high level of protection of the environment taken as a whole. The European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR) ensures public access to data on emissions from major industrial activities. The ex-post evaluations of the directive and the ...

The depletion of the ozone layer affects negatively both humans and the natural environment. It is provoked by chemicals known as 'ozone depleting substances' (ODSs), which are also potent greenhouse gases. They have been subject to legal regulation at international level for several decades (the Vienna Convention and its Montreal Protocol, adopted in the second half of the 1980s under UN auspices). EU has always spearheaded global efforts in the field of ODSs, adopting its first rules in the early ...